✅Explanation: Orobanche species (commonly known as broomrape) are complete parasitic weeds. They do not perform photosynthesis and rely entirely on their host plants for water and nutrients. They attach to the roots of other plants, extracting resources from them, making them holoparasites (complete parasites).

📌Other Options Explanations:
-(a) Phalaris minor:Phalaris minor (wild oat) is a grassy weed. It is a non-parasitic weed that competes for nutrients and water in the soil.
-(c) Trianthena spp: They are common weeds.
-(d) Argemone mexicana: Argemone mexicana (Mexican poppy) is an her. 

✅Explanation: Chenopodium murale, commonly known as nettle-leaved goosefoot, is a common weed during the Rabi season. This plant thrives in the cooler temperatures of the Rabi season (winter-spring) when crops like wheat and barley are grown.
Important Points

• Wheat:
-Phalaris Minor
-Avena fatua
-Chenopodium album
-Chenopodium murale
-Convolvulus arvensis
-Cynodon dactylon

• Paddy:
-Purple nutsedge
-Banyard grass
-Wild rice
-Yellow sedge

• Pea:
-Piyazi
-Anagallis arvensis
-Avena ludoviciana
-Chenopodium album
-Convolvulus arvensis
-Cyperus rotundus
-Fumaria parviflora
-Galium aparine

• Barseen:
-Kasni (Cichorium intybus)
-Cyperus rotundus
-Cynodon dactylon
-Melilotus indica
-Anagallis arvensis

✅Explanation: Sunhemp (Crotalaria juncea) is widely used as a green manuring crop due to its ability to fix nitrogen in the soil, improve soil fertility, and suppress weeds. It is grown primarily to enrich the soil rather than for direct consumption.

🛑 Additional Information::
-Sunn-hemp is most suitable for loamy soils.
-It is sown in May or June when the monsoon breaks.
-It grows very fast and to a height of 1 to 2 metres.
-It can grow even on poor soils and ads about 20 to 25 tons of fresh green plant material per hectare to the soil.
-It is the most outstanding green manure crop and is well suited in almost all parts of India.
-It fits in well with the sugarcane, potato, garden crops and the second season paddy in southern India and with irrigated wheat in the north India.
-Dhaincha, Sunn-hemp are legume green manure crops.
-Whereas Gliricidia, cassia are legume green leaf manure crops.

-✅Explanation: Aruna is a variety of mustard (Brassica juncea). It is known for its high yield and resistance to certain diseases, making it a popular choice for cultivation in regions like India. It was officially approved in 1969.

🛑 Additional Information::
Aruna is a mutant variety of castor bean that matures early, taking 120 days instead of the usual 270 days. It was developed by treating the seeds with thermal neutrons. Aruna is a promising variety that is high yielding and resistant to wilt. It has helped increase productivity levels in rainfed regions of India.  

✅Explanation: Blind cultivation is a practice where crops like sugarcane and potato are planted without direct visibility of the planting material. This technique involves burying the seed material (like sugarcane setts or potato tubers) below the soil surface to protect them from pests, improve growth conditions, and conserve moisture. It is used in both sugarcane and potato cultivation.

✅Explanation: Sericulture is the practice of breeding silkworms and cultivating mulberry plants to produce silk. Mulberry leaves are the primary food for silkworms, which are raised in sericulture for silk production.

📌Other Options Explanations:

-a) Apiculture: Apiculture refers to the cultivation of bees for honey production.
-c) Pisciculture: Pisciculture involves the breeding and cultivation of fish.
-d) Horticulture: Horticulture refers to the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants.

🔑Key Points:
-Sericulture is related to the rearing of silkworms.
-Sericulture is an agro-based industry.
-It involves the rearing of silkworms for the production of raw silk.
-India is the second-largest producer of silk within the globe.

• Silk is a fiber made up of two different proteins:
-Sericin protein
-Fibroin protein

🛑 Additional Information::
-Apiculture: Bee farming
-Floriculture: Flower farming
-Horticulture: Vegetable farming
-Pisciculture: Fish farming
-Vermiculture: Earthworm farming
-Viticulture: Grapes farming
-Fungi culture: Mushroom farming

✅Explanation:
After rice transplantation, nitrogen fixation in the rhizosphere (root zone) begins roughly 1-2 weeks later. This process is facilitated by rhizobial bacteria and other nitrogen-fixing microorganisms that establish a symbiotic relationship with the roots. Nitrogen fixation becomes particularly important for rice grown in flooded conditions, where the soil has a lower oxygen content, making it conducive for certain anaerobic bacteria that fix nitrogen.
This timing aligns with the establishment of root systems that are capable of supporting the microorganisms involved in nitrogen fixation.

✅Explanation:
The Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology (NDUAT) is located in Kumarganj, which is in the Faizabad district (now part of Ayodhya district) in Uttar Pradesh. It is a prominent agricultural university established to promote education, research, and extension activities in agriculture and allied sciences.

✅Explanation:
The Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research (IIFSR), previously known as the Project Directorate for Farming Systems Research (PDFSR), is located in Modipuram, Uttar Pradesh, India.

✅Explanation: The National Rice Research Institute (NRRI), formerly known as the Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI), is located in Cuttack, Odisha, India. It's a premier research institute dedicated to improving rice production and developing new rice varieties.
🔑Key Points:  
-The Central Rice Research Institute is located in Cuttack, Odisha.
-The institute not only played a key role in ushering the country of an ear of green revolution heading to self-sufficiency in food grain supply in about 25 years from its inception but also brought glory to the nation by providing research support in rice to become the second-largest exporter of rice in the world in the recent years.
-The CRRI is one of the Institutes of the ICAR under the Division of Crop Sciences.
-The Institute has two research stations-
-Central Rainfed Upland Rice Research Station (CRURRS), Hazaribagh, in Jharkhand,
-Regional Rainfed Lowland Rice Research Station (RRLRRS), Gerua, in Assam.
-These research stations were established to tackle the problems of rainfed uplands, and flood-prone rainfed lowlands, respectively.

🛑 Additional Information::
-The outbreak of devastating epiphytotic brown spot disease of rice (Helminthosporium spp)in the then Bengal province in 1942 resulted in a serious shortage of rice. 
-Added to this, the failure of the civil administration to cope with such a disastrous situation culminated in what was called the Great Bengal Famine of 1943. 
-With this background, the Central Government, in the year 1944, decided to intensify research on all aspects of the rice crops.
-In the following year, the Government decided to establish a Central Institute for Rice Research and this culminated in the establishment of the Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI) on April 23, 1946, at Bidyadharpur, Cuttack, Odisha with experimental farmland of 60 hectares provided by the Government of Odisha.

✅Explanation:
Acclimatization refers to the ability of an organism to adjust to a new environment or changes in its surroundings over a short period. For example, humans acclimatize to high altitudes by increasing red blood cell production to cope with lower oxygen levels.

🛑 Additional Information::

• Acclimatisation and Adaptation:
-The process of changes that can occur in an organism over a short period of time that helps it to adjust to its surroundings is known as acclimatization.
-Acclimatization is irreversible and temporary.
-Adaptation is the changes in an organism over a long period of time, whereas acclimatization is change over a short period of time.

✅Explanation:
-Water used by plants for metabolic needs such as growth, photosynthesis, and other physiological processes is less than 1% of the total water absorbed by the plant.
-The majority of water absorbed by plants (around 99%) is lost through transpiration, which is essential for maintaining plant temperature and enabling the upward transport of nutrients.

✅Explanation: Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is less likely to have well-established hybrid varieties compared to maize, bajra (pearl millet), or sorghum. While hybrid varieties exist for barley, the development and adoption of hybrids in barley have not been as widespread as in maize, bajra, or sorghum. This is primarily due to barley's self-pollinating nature, which makes hybrid development more challenging compared to cross-pollinated crops like maize and sorghum.

📌Other Options Explanations:
-(b) Maize: Maize (corn) has a wide range of well-established hybrid varieties offering benefits like increased yield, disease resistance, or improved quality.
-(c) Bajra (Pearl Millet): Hybrid varieties of bajra have been developed and are gaining popularity for their improved characteristics.
-(d) Sorghum: Hybrid sorghum varieties are available and play a significant role in sorghum production, especially for enhancing yield and drought tolerance. 

✅Explanation:
The lapse rate refers to the rate at which the temperature decreases with an increase in altitude in the atmosphere. Typically, the temperature decreases at a rate of about 6.5°C for every kilometer of ascent in the troposphere.

📌Other Options Explanations:
-b) Adiabatic lapse rate: This refers specifically to the rate of temperature change of a rising or sinking air parcel without heat exchange with the environment. It can vary depending on whether the air is dry or saturated.
-c) Inversion: Temperature inversion is a situation where the temperature increases with altitude.

🔑Key Points:
-In the Troposphere, every 165 metres of elevation gain results in a 1 degree Celsius drop in temperature. This is called the normal lapse rate.
-Lapse rate -  the rate at which the temperature changes when an object ascends through the atmosphere. The temperature is regarded as decreasing with height when the lapse rate is positive, constant with elevation when it is zero, and increasing with elevation when it is negative.

✅Explanation: Ergot is a fungal disease caused by Claviceps fusiformis in pearl millet. It produces a sticky, honey-like secretion on the ears of infected plants. This secretion contains fungal spores and dries up over time, leaving behind dark sclerotia (ergots) that replace the grains.

✅Explanation: Bikanieri Narma is a variety of cotton, specifically a long-staple cotton variety. It is known for its high-quality fiber and is primarily grown in the Bikaner region of Rajasthan, India.

🔑Key Points:
-Cotton is originally an Indian plant.
-It developed in the Indus Valley Civilization.
-20° to 30° centigrade temperature for cotton, 50 to 100 cm. Clay soil or black soil with annual rainfall and moisture is suitable.
-Cotton is sown in the month of May-June.
-In Rajasthan, cotton is produced in Ganganagar (mostly), Hanumangarh, Ajmer, Bhilwara, Jhalawar, Chittorgarh, Udaipur, Pali, Kota, Bundi, and Jhalawar districts.
Different types of cotton in the state:-

•  Narma:
-Sown in Sri Ganganagar and Hanumangarh districts.

•  American Cotton:
-Long fiber cotton is the highest in Ganganagar and Hanumangarh districts.

•  Malvi Cotton:
-Sown in Kota, Bundi, Jhalawar, and Tonk districts.

•  Maruvikas (Raj.H.H.-16):
-First hybrid variety of cotton in Rajasthan.

•  Indigenous Cotton:
-Sown the most in Udaipur, Chittorgarh, and Banswara districts.

•  BT Cotton:
-Seed transplantation of Bacillus thuringiensis (producer of special crystal protein). 

✅Explanation:
Friend and Dean provided values used in the assessment of Phosphorus (P) and Sulfur (S) in soil. Their work relates to determining the availability and status of these nutrients in the soil to assess soil fertility.

✅Explanation: A cropping system refers to the pattern or sequence of crops grown on a piece of land during a specific time period, typically within a single year. In the case of rice-wheat-moong, it involves growing rice during the Kharif season, followed by wheat in the Rabi season, and moong (green gram) during the summer or short-season crop.

📌Other Options Explanations:
-(a) Farming System: A farming system includes not only crops but also livestock, soil management, and other components of a farm.
-(b) Agroforestry System: Agroforestry involves the integration of trees, crops, and livestock in a sustainable way,
-(d) Agro-ecosystem: An agro-ecosystem refers to the entire ecological system of a farm, including crops, livestock, and environmental interactions.
🔑Key Points:  
-The relation of a specific cropping pattern with all available farm resources like water, land, and environment is defined as a Cropping system
-Cropping System is a broader term comprising the crops and cropping pattern along with their interaction with other agricultural components such as resources, machinery, technologies, environment, etc.
Important Points
-Cropping scheme: The plan according to which crops are grown on individual plots of a farm with the object of getting maximum return from cash crops without impairing the soil fertility is known as the cropping scheme.
-A cropping pattern: It is defined as the spatial representation of crop rotations, or as the list of crops being produced in an area and their sequence in time.
-The cropping intensity: It is the fraction of the arable area that is harvested. The cropping intensity may exceed 100% where more than one crop is harvested year

-✅Explanation: Pitcher farming is a practice in dry farming where crops are irrigated through small holes made in the bottom of earthen pitchers. The pitchers, when buried in the soil near the plant roots, release water slowly over time, helping to irrigate the crops in dry conditions. This method is commonly used in areas with water scarcity.

📌Other Options Explanations:
-(c) Escaping drought: This refers to a crop strategy where the crop completes its life cycle quickly to avoid drought stress.
-(d) Drought tolerant: This refers to crops that are naturally resistant to drought conditions.

🔑Key Points:
-Dry agriculture is the cultivation done in dry and semi-dry areas where the average annual rainfall is about 75 cm.
-Dryland farming or rainfed farming is the technique of doing agriculture without irrigation.
-Crops are grown without irrigation by accumulating the limited moisture available under them.
-Due to the lack of rainfall, constant efforts are made to maintain and increase the moisture content of the soil.
-Features of dry agriculture are that it is cultivated in those areas where there is a lack of moisture for about 8 months in a year.
-Jaisalmer and Barmer region of Rajasthan receives less than annual rainfall of about 20 cm.
-Water scarcity is a permanent problem in these areas.
-The importance of dry agriculture is that in a country like India, pulses are an important source of protein.
-About 85% of the country's pulses, 75% of oilseeds, 80% maize, and 95% sorghum are grown in dry agricultural regions through dry agriculture techniques.

✅Explanation:

• To calculate how much water is discharged in 5 minutes, we can follow these steps:

• Given:
-Discharge rate = 0.4 cubic meters per minute (m³/min)
-Time = 5 minutes

• Calculate the total volume discharged:
Total volume=Discharge rate × Time
Total volume=0.4m3/min×5min=2m 3

• Convert cubic meters to liters:
-1 cubic meter (m³) = 1,000 liters.
Total volume in liters=2m3×1,000liters/m3=2,000liters