Vertical and Horizontal resistance first described by…

✅Explanation: The concept of vertical and horizontal resistance in plants to pathogens was first introduced by J.E. Vanderplank in the 1960s.
-Vertical Resistance: Also called race-specific resistance, it confers complete resistance to specific races of a pathogen but can be easily overcome by new races. It is often controlled by a single gene or a few genes.
– Horizontal Resistance: Also called durable resistance or non-race-specific resistance, it confers partial resistance to a wide range of pathogen races. It is typically controlled by multiple genes and is more difficult for pathogens to overcome.

🔑Key Points::
-First described by J.E. Vanderplank, a South African plant pathologist, in the 1960s.

✏️Vertical Resistance:
-Also known as specific or qualitative resistance.
-Effective against specific races or strains of a pathogen.
-Controlled by one or a few major genes (often dominant).
-Can provide high levels of resistance but is often short-lived as pathogens can evolve to overcome it.

✏️Horizontal Resistance:
-Also known as general or quantitative resistance.
-Effective against a broad range of pathogen strains or races.
-Controlled by multiple minor genes, providing partial resistance.
-More durable over time as it is harder for pathogens to overcome.

✏️Applications in Breeding:
-Vertical resistance is useful for short-term, high-resistance crops, but horizontal resistance is often favored for long-term durability in breeding programs.