At permanent wilting point, the soil water potential ranges from:

✅Explanation:
Permanent Wilting Point (PWP): This is the minimum amount of water in the soil that a plant requires not to wilt. If the soil moisture content falls below this point, the plant will not be able to extract water, and it will wilt irreversibly. At the permanent wilting point, the soil water potential is very low, around -15 bars. This means that the water is held so tightly by the soil particles that the plant cannot overcome the forces and extract water for its survival.

📌Other Options:
● B. 15 bar: This is a positive value, indicating high water availability, which is not the case at PWP.
● C. -1 to -3 bars: This range represents the field capacity of the soil, where it holds the maximum amount of water available for plant uptake after excess water has drained away.
● D. -0.1 to -0.3 bars: This range represents the soil water potential at saturation, where all soil pores are filled with water.

🔴 Related terminologies:
● Available Water: The amount of water in the soil that plants can readily uptake. It is the difference between field capacity and permanent wilting point.
● Field Capacity: The maximum amount of water a soil can hold against gravity after excess water has drained away.
● Saturation: When all soil pores are filled with water.
● Soil Water Potential: This is a measure of the energy status of water in the soil. It is expressed in units of pressure, such as bars or megapascals (MPa). A negative value indicates that water is held tightly by soil particles and is less available to plants.