A cropping system in which arable crops are grown with trees or shrubs established mainly to hasten soil fertility restoration and to enhance soil productivity.

✅Explanation:
Agroforestry refers to a land-use management system where arable crops are cultivated alongside trees or shrubs. This integration helps in enhancing soil fertility through the addition of organic matter, improved nutrient cycling, and reduced erosion. Additionally, the presence of trees or shrubs can provide shade, reduce wind speed, and improve microclimates, further contributing to enhanced soil productivity.

📌 Other Options Explanations:
Option A: Alley cropping – This is a specific type of agroforestry where crops are grown in the alleys between rows of trees. While related, it does not encompass the broader concept of integrating trees with crops for soil fertility.
Option C: Lay cropping – This term does not accurately describe a system involving the integration of trees with crops; rather, it refers to a specific method of crop rotation or seasonal cropping.

🟠 Related Terminologies:
● Arable crops: Crops grown on plowed land, such as grains, vegetables, and legumes.
● Soil fertility: The ability of the soil to supply essential nutrients for plant growth.
● Nitrogen fixation: The process by which certain bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that plants can use.
● Organic matter: The decomposed remains of plants and animals, which improves soil structure and fertility.
● Erosion: The process by which soil is moved from one location to another by wind, water, or ice.
● Microclimate: The climate of a small, specific area, which can be influenced by factors like vegetation and topography.